The birth of photography              


It’s very easy for many people now to take a photograph with a digital camera or mobile
phone, but it was very different in the early days of photography.

The first ‘camera’ was the ‘camera obscura’, which is Latin for ‘dark room’. A camera obscura is a
dark room or box with a very small hole at one end. When light shines onto an object and passes
through the small hole, the image is projected onto the opposite wall, but is not permanent like a
photo. Artists used a camera obscura to draw objects accurately and
quickly.

The French inventor Joseph Niépce made the first photograph with a camera obscura. He did this by
projecting the image onto a special metal plate. It took about eight hours of exposure
to create the photograph so it wasn’t suitable for taking people’s portraits. But in 1839 Louis
Daguerre developed a better method with a much shorter exposure time. He called this the
daguerreotype and it became very popular for portraits.

With a daguerreotype, it wasn’t possible to make multiple copies from one exposure as the positive
image was fixed onto a single plate. With the invention of a negative, it was possible to produce
multiple copies from one negative. In the mid 19th century ‘visiting cards’ with a photo on became
very popular because they were cheap to produce and people displayed an
album of family photos in the living room.

One English expression people sometimes use when taking photos comes from the early days of
photography. In English when someone takes a photograph, they sometimes say
‘watch the birdie’. This comes from a bird that was used by a photographer’s assistant to get
a child to look in a particular direction.

One interesting early use of photography was to show that when a horse runs very fast all four
hooves are off the ground at one time. To do this, the photographer placed 12 cameras along a race
track to take multiple photos of a horse galloping and the images showed that he was right. It was
only possible to prove this because of photography.

In 1900 the world’s largest camera at that time was built. It was about 2.5 metres by x 1.5 metres
and weighed over 400 kilos. It took 15 men to move and operate the camera. So next time you use
your mobile or camera to take a photo, think about how difficult this was in the early days of
photography.

1  Before reading the text, discuss these questions with your partner.

–   How often do you take photos?
–   Do you use a camera, a digital camera or a mobile phone?
–   What do you take photos of?

2  Choose the correct option, a or b.

1   Camera obscura means ...
a     dark room                                     b   dark box
2   Camera obscura was used by artists ...
a     to draw more accurately               b   to take photos
3   The first photograph using a camera obscura took …
a     eight minutes of exposure            b   eight hours of exposure
4   For taking portraits, the daguerreotype was ...
a     better than the camera obscura   b   worse than the camera obscura
5   Visiting cards with a photo were popular ...
a     in the mid 18th century                  b   in the mid 19th century
6   Early photography was used to show that when a horse runs very fast ...
a     all four hooves are off the ground b   only two hooves are off the ground
7   The world's largest camera in 1900 took …
a     five people to move                      b   fifteen people to move









3  Match the meanings below to the following words from the text.

album        exposure      image           inventor          portrait         plate

1   the person who creates something that wasn't there before: an                    
2   a piece of metal used, especially in the past, for printing words and pictures: a            
       
3   the amount of time you allow light to reach the film in a camera when taking a photo:



















4   a painting, drawing or photo of someone, especially of their face only: a                    

5   a book in which you collect things like photos: an                    
6   the picture that you see of something, eg on a computer screen: an                    

4  Complete the sentences using one of the nouns from exercise 3.

1   The                       wasn't permanent with the first camera obscura.
2   The                       time was too long to take a photo of a person with a camera obscura.
3   The first                       of a person was in 1839.
4   It was popular to have an                       of family photos displayed in the living room.
5   The photographic                       for the largest camera in 1900 was 2.5 by 1.5 metres.
6   A French                       took the first photograph with a camera obscura.

5  Look at and watch have similar meanings. Match the correct verb to the meaning.

1   If you                     something, the object isn't usually moving or changing.
2   If you                     something, the object is probably moving or changing.

6  Choose the correct verb from exercise 5, using the correct form, to complete the sentences
below. Then ask your partner the questions.

1   How often do you                         a TV programme in English?
2   When you                         a photo of your friends, do you remember where and why you
took the photo?
3   Do you like                         old family photos?
4   Do you prefer to                       a video or                     photos of important
family events?

7  Discuss these questions with your partner(s).

–   What did you find interesting or surprising about the early days of photography?
–   What is the oldest photo you have? Who took the photo and what is it a photo of?
–   Do you put photos in an album or do you keep them on a computer or mobile phone?
–   What is your favourite photo? Why do you like it best?

Glossary

accurately (adv) – correctly; without making a mistake
display (verb) – to put something in a place where many people can see it
gallop (verb) – if a horse gallops it runs at its fastest speed
invent (verb) – to create something that wasn't there before an inventor (the person)
hoof (noun) hooves (plural) – the hard part of a horse's foot project (verb) – to send an image to
a screen or other surface suitable (adj) – right or correct for a particular situation

How often do you take photos?
– Do you use a camera, a digital camera or a mobile phone?
– What do you take photos of?  


I take photos when I go out with friends and my family and when people come to my house for party,dinner or for a simple visit,but I usually take photos three or four times per month.



I use digital camera because it is so good resolution and the memory is big  and same times I use my phone but it isn't work so good like my camera .

I take photo of landmarks,people,animals,garden,some time  I take photos of ugly place or things because  there are some thing so fun or interesting like outdoor ,publicist  and draw in wall on the street.

Health Check

This week I have been invited to have a free NHS health check and it will helping me prevent heart disease,stroke,diabetes and kidney disease
Risk increases with ages,There are also certain things that will put people at even greater risk.There are: being overweight,lack of exercise,smoking,high blood pressure,high cholesterol and alcohol.
I have got from NHS some advice how to prevent and set goals for improving my lifestyle.
The only way to lose weight healthily and keep it off is to make permanent changes to the way we eat and exercises.We don't need to do a big change.A balanced diet with the right number of calories for our activity level,which includes five portions of fruits and vegetables a day ,is a healthy
way to reach or maintain a healthy weight.
The good thing is that I don't smoking and I don't like alcohol,but I'm lazy about to do exercises.
I have to start physical activity I know that all moment counts like sit less,move more and gradually build up to doing 30 minutes of moderate activity, five times a week.
They told me that the aim is to try and get my heart beating faster,and lungs working a bit harder for lest ten minutes at a time.
Another good news is that when I got my results I discovered that I go it to control my high cholesterol ,because I followed the doctor's advise and they advised to consume less salt or if possible cutting back on my consumption of salt.
So,now my,your, our healthy depends only of us  to make the difference to live well.


disease: an illness of people ,animals ,plants etc... caused by infection .
increase: to make something become larger in amount or size.
even: at the same time as.
lack: when something is not available or when there is not enough of it.
goal:an aim or purpose(objective).
aim:a result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve
physical: connected with the body.

Fat facts.

Fats and sugar ,this group includs foods such cakes ,biscuits sweets etc..

Saturated fat is solid  at room temperature ussualy from animal sources.
It is found  in  margarine, cheese,whole milk and etc.
 
Unsaturated fat is usually liquid at room temperature and generally comes from vegetable sources.
 
To reduce the amount of fat in your diet , try the following:
Try fresh fruit,dried fruit and cereal-based products.
Grill or bake food  rather than fry it.
Opt for low-fat dairly products.
 
How to reduce consumption of sugary foods:
Swap sugary drinks for water, low -fat milk or artificially sweetened drinks.
Try to halve the amount of sugar you put in hot drinks, or cut it out complet.
 

Questionnaire.

When were you happiest?

Some people used to say that happiest doesn't exist what exist is only moments happiest.Some time is true,because we depends of others to be happy.
I were happiest between October 2008 until June 2009. 

What is your greatest fear?
My fear is to be around unscrupulous people.

What is your earliest memory?
It was when I came from a small city to a big town to start my school when I was seven .

Which living person do you most admire and why?
My son,because he is attentive person with every body
he doesn't mind if they are young or old people.

What is the trait you most deplore in yourself?
I am insecure and scare about news subjects .

What is the trait you most deplore in others?
Liar,whining and dishonest people.

What was your most embarrassing moment?
I had some,but recently is when I think that I understood a word in English and it has a different meaning.

What is your most treasured possession?
My life, my two sons and my family.

Where would you like to live?
In a beautiful,small and white cottage close the river where  I can hear the birds,the breeze of the wind, feel the sun every morning and enjoy the marvellous moonlit night. 

What makes you depressed?
Noise,crowd.

What is your most unappealing habit?
To be lazy about to do exercise.

What is your favorite book?
The Secret ,by Rhonda Byrne.

What is the worst thing anyone's ever said to you?
when they say that they don't  believe in God. 

What is your guiltiest pleasure?

Staying at home in my free days.

To whom would you most like to say sorry and why?

To my sister.Because when my parents passed way, I was so far from her I was in another country.

Which words or phrases do you most overuse?

Think positive.

Try don't be afraid ,only you can make thinks happening.

What is the worst job you've ever done?

I had not worst job but little bit difficult, it was when I worked in a hotel in Italy.

How do you relax?
Listening music, walking at the park(when isn't too cold)
or some times watching movies.

What keeps you awake at night?

Two things,if I drink coffee before to go bed and when I am worried with something.

Where would you most like to be right now?

In the best place the world, in my house on my bed.

Spending our leituse with other people.

We should spend our leisure time with other people, not alone."

What do you think?

- activities that it is good to do with other people.

- why it might be better to do certain things alone.

- the role of leisure in forming relationships with other people.

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Activities most of part in our life is good to be with pleasant people.A perfect example is meeting friends for a barbecue,play football,walk or run in the park or go to the gym together.

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Same times in better stay alone when we want to relax or spending time reading interesting books,listening musics or when you prefer only listening  the noise from the nature mother like birds singing,the wind through the trees and the sons of water falling .

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How can we forming new relationship with different people?It is spending our leisure in interesting places where we can meet people,

going to a theatre ,night club,participating in community  events,producing parties for charity and inventing things that we can to do

with friends and news friends.

 

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